Naturalization of Undocumented Immigrant

Prof. Alexandru November 18, 2013 Communications Immigration Laws Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to Central Idea: The immigration system needs to be reformed. Introduction l. â€Å"Give us your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. † These words are engraved on the Statue of Liberty that was assembled in 1886. The statue was meant to be a beacon of hope for all immigrants that enter the U. S. Hope for opportunities, a better life, a better home. But can we really say that's what they are given?II. A big issue that has been focused on lately by the government is Immigration law reform. For this speech I have done research about immigration laws and how they affect undocumented immigrants. Ill. A recent study conducted by the Pew Research Center in Washington, D. C. has found that there has been an increase of unauthorized immigrants in the United States since the end of recession in 2009, which means there a lot more people that live in the United States that will be affected.This can also be said that everyone in California can be affected by these laws because we are a border state, which usually get a larger influx of immigrants. ‘V. Today I would like to tell you about the serious issues with present day mmigration laws and persuade you to help reform them. First I will explain what immigration laws are and their purposes. Then I will tell you about some of those laws, and how they affect undocumented immigrants and society. And I will end with why and how you can help to make a difference. Body (So what are immigration laws? ) l.Immigration laws were created to regulate who and what may come into the United States. According the National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers, this is to protect us in four different major ways: public safety, public health, Jobs, and national ecurity. A. Ever since 1960, creating laws based on public safety, is to ensure that immigrants that may be potential prostitute s, polygamists, sexual deviates, or criminals would not be allowed to cross our borders. B. For Public Health, there are laws that prevent contagious diseases epidemics or people with potentially dangerous mental diseases.C. To ensure our Jobs are secure, laws are created to keep immigration from depressing wages too much. D. And National Security – Foreigners who would harm the country cannot come here, but the definition of who terrorists, for instance. Now let's talking about some actual immigration laws) V. Immigration laws vary on circumstances and we have to remember that every law always have exceptions. Every law also has flaws. Now I'm going to tell you about two laws that I found alarming. A. The Center for Immigration Studies estimates that close to 400,000 US citizens marry a non-U.S. citizen. When a United States' citizen gets married to a person from a different country, there is a long process that the couple has to go through to prove their marriage and plenty of petitions need to be filled out to gain citizenship. A. l . The process and analysis of the couples were not at all alarming me until I ran across an article that went into detail about transgender spouses, who not only had to deal with the naturalization process but also the process specifying their gender.

Diets Make You Fat Essay

The United States of America is a nation known for our obsession over â€Å"big things†. Americans have the biggest cars, the biggest houses, and now, the biggest people. Obesity rates in the United States has skyrocketed and more than one-third of American adults are obese. Some researchers suspect that by 2030, more than half the population will be obese unless Americans change what they consume and how much they exercise. Many Americans are now realizing the deadly effects of obesity and are turning to diets to stabilize and maintain a healthy weight. But for some people, this cultural solution to the national problem does not work at all, and even gives reverse affects. Although dieting can help an individual to lose weight, it can also lead to gaining of weight because of hormones, the dieting mentality, and our culture as Americans. Although people see dieting as the sure-fire way to losing pounds, scientists have found that dieting actually changes the way their brain and metabolism work. When a person starts a diet, their brain begins to send hormones that tell the body to hoard body fat. This makes it harder to lose weight because your body thinks that it is lacking food, and therefore, relies on body fat. These same hormones also trigger food craving in the brain, making that individual hungry constantly and eventually succumb to eating again (Naish, 1) . The dieting mentality is also a huge reason why diets can have reverse affects. Have you ever gone to dinner with a friend, who ordered a huge plate of pasta because tomorrow was the start of her diet? Or, have you ever heard someone say they were going for ice cream because they â€Å"earned† it by going to the gym that day? This makes it so diets are nothing more than a storm of restrictive eating patterns, shame, and guilt. A person on a diet may lose the pounds they wanted, but as soon as they reached their goal, they start to fall in the same patterns again and gain the weight they lost, or even more (Johnson, 1). Lastly, our own culture fights against us. We are a nation of fast food and junk food, and are always reminded of it through advertisements. People cannot go a day without seeing at least one advertisement for the new McDonald’s burger or the new sugary junk food that’s available at the nearest grocery store. These companies are exact in the business of advertising their products, and most of the time, target young children to create a â€Å"brand-loyalty† through happy commercials and toy giveaways. We have been manipulated by these companies, and it’s very hard not to indulge in their products. This culture of ours needs to change before we improve our health and stop obesity. In conclusion, diets in America can be too blame for making us â€Å"fat†. Our own bodies, minds, and culture wreak havoc against us and make it very hard to shed those pounds that one wants to lose. Some Americans turn to deadly diets as an answer, such as fad-diets, and also diets that lead to bulimia. However, there are diets that actually work, such as the dieting by lowering portions. Whatever the diet may be, Americans must face the cruel reality that their lives are in jeopardy and must fight off the urge to eat fast food and junk food, and exercise regularly. Or else, we have to face the consequences of the future.

Literary Analysis on the Giver

Outline for Literary Analysis Paper for English 230 I. Introduction: a. Brief intro to each work—title, author’s full name, and short summary of each b. Topic (relationship with father, violence, colonialism, loss of culture and identity, personal development, role of missionaries, death of innocent, child soldiers, justice, second chances, role of women, voice, native traditions, historical accuracy) c. End with a clearly worded thesis that compares how each of the two works treats the topic. You need to focus your paper as much as possible around this one central thesis. II. Body: a. Use evidence from the novels to support your thesis. You need to present at least three comparative points. b. Use quotes or facts from credible outside sources (not sparknotes, gradesaver, cliffnotes, shmoop, etc. ) to inform your paper. i. Begin with a topic sentence that introduces the comparative point. ii. Incorporate quotations/specific details from each work. If you use quotes from the novel first and then from the other work for the first comparative point, continue to use that same pattern throughout your paper. iii. Include facts or details from sources that relate to the point you are making in the paragraph. Be sure to give the source credit. Follow MLA guidelines. iv. Tie the significance of each quote/paraphrase to your thesis. You can’t just quote from the source and expect the reader to understand why you have quoted that sentence or passage. You have to explain what makes it appropriate and how it fits in your analysis. v. Use a transition to move from talking about one work to the other. III. Conclusion: a. Explain how reading the two works together helps you better understand the topic. . What do you know now that you did not know before? ii. What are you still unclear about? List of Possible Topics for Comparing Flight to Things Fall Apart Tragic heroes Violence Colonialism Masculinity Loss of culture and identity Personal development Role of missionaries Father-son relationship Religion Native traditions Death of innocent Death of innocence Child soldiers War Justice Guilt and forgiveness Second chances Role of women Narrative voice Historical accuracy Revising History Language Choices Importance of the titles The endings Drunken natives NOTES ON QUOTING ? Put the author’s last name and page number or line number in parenthesis after each quote. ? You don’t need to always quote directly; you can paraphrase (put in your own words) the details of a specific scene; however, you will still provide a parenthetical citation. ? If you quote more than three typed lines, you need to indent your quote and you do not need quotation marks unless a character is speaking. ? Write in present tense. For example, Art tells Hank, â€Å"In order to fight evil, sometimes we have to do evil things† (Alexie 56). ? Use variety of present tense verbs when you quote from the literature—acknowledges, agrees, argues, asks, asserts, believes, claims, comments, contends, declares, denies, emphasizes, realizes, notes, insists, etc. REFERRING TO AUTHORS AND TITLES ? The first time you make reference to authors, refer to them by their first and last names: Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart is about a man who strug gles against the changes in his community. ? In subsequent references, use last names only: Even though Achebe’s novel is about a particular political and historical moment, it’s themes are timeless and universal. As a rule, do not use titles such as Mr. or Ms. or Dr. ? Titles of articles, short poems, and short stories are put in quotation marks and the titles novels, long poems, plays, magazines, journals, or newspapers are italicized. ? When introducing quotations from a literary work, make sure that you don’t confuse the work’s author with the narrator of the story, the speaker of a poem, or a character in a play. Instead of naming the author, you can refer to the narrator or speaker—or to the work itself. NAMES IN PARENTHETICAL CITATION You need to use the author’s last name in the parenthetical citation to make it clear which work each quote came from. The first time you quote from a work, use the author’s last name. If your next quote is from the same work, you do not need to use the author’s last name in parentheses, just the page number. But then when you quote from another work, you need to put that author’s last name in parentheses to make it clear that this quote came from a different work. Recommended Resources 1. Books from our library. I put the following selection of books on Reserve at the Sims Memorial Library; the reserve room is on the first floor of the library: Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong Native Universe : Voices Of Indian America Understanding Sherman Alexie ? When Brer Rabbit Meets Coyote : African-Native American literature 2. The online database Literature Resource Center. To access, log onto Southeastern’s web site and click on Library. Then click â€Å"Find Articles. † Under Databases by Title, click on L-M and then Literature Resource Center. ? Search by author’s last name. Type in Achebe or Alexie. ? Look under the â€Å"Topic and Work Overview† for general information on the works. ? Look at the list on the left for specific topics. 3. Sherman Alexie’s website http://www. fallsapart. com/index. html. (Hey, look. Alexie’s website is titled â€Å"falls apart. †) If you click on academic center, you will find a long list of analysis and criticism available online. 4. Interview with Achebe on Youtube: Part 1 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=iCic_RoPhoM Part 2 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=fl9lE5yN1qY Part 3 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=QFvPK5Txxd4

Public Relations Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public Relations Strategy - Essay Example The organisation has also faced a number of issues in regards to the competition. The organisation is facing a number of issues in relation to this and the competitive advantage that the company has had in the past is now being challenged by other organisations. Also the company has been unable to keep up with the stake – holders’ missions and has not been able to provide the stakeholders the required returns. The main return that the stakeholders are looking for is ‘care for people’. This includes ensuring that the relationship with the patients is strengthened. The organisation also does not work with the aim of making profits hence, the organisation aims at maximising its economic profits. Public relations deal with managing information of the organisation between the organisation and the public. It normally aims at providing the information that will interest the audience of the organisation. Public relations can be used by the organisation as a mode to build a rapport with its stakeholders like the employee, shareholders, patients, etc. Building a public relations strategy has four main steps: a) defining the public relations problem, b) Planning and programming, c) taking action and communicating, and d) Evaluating the program. The assessment one of the NHS has thrown light upon the current situation within the organisation for NHS – a brief of which has been discussed in the introduction above. The first step as a public relations officer is to define the problem. This is the base of all strategies and helps build a plan for which the organisation requires changes to improve and resolve the issues. National Health Services is the biggest health service in United Kingdom. However in the past the organisation has faced a number of press reports which have been quite dampening for its image. The press has accused the organisation a number of times and the NHS chief Executive Nigel Crisp has also spoken about the attack made by the

Happiness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Happiness - Research Paper Example In addition, the modern world fills our heads full of numerous distractions, many of which claim happiness can only be achieved after one has accomplished this material good or that status in life. In America, for example, people learn that happiness is what occurs when we have finally managed to claim ownership of a luxury car, a fine house and a stunning wardrobe to show off the tremendous body we’ve maintained, perhaps with the help of a personal trainer or skilled plastic surgeon. â€Å"To fulfill their dreams, Americans claim they need an annual income of $102,000† (Myers, 2000). According to Bolt (2004) and others, almost three-quarters of college freshmen feel being ‘very well-off financially’ to be a ‘very important’ or ‘essential’ goal in life (Bolt, 2004: 124). Other studies seem to indicate that our concept of happiness continues to change through life, so that what might have made us happy in the past will likely lose i ts ability to make us happy in the future (Diener & Diener, 2009). Although definitions of happiness and how to attain it may shift over time, research seems to link gaining happiness very strongly with the concept of adhering to a strongly identified sense of moral behavior. Within this discussion, it is important to understand that the concept of moral behavior as it is considered by philosophers does not merely constitute a choice between right and wrong behavior. The term â€Å"morality† is defined as a â€Å"moral quality or character; rightness or wrongness, as of an action† (Neufeldt & Goralnik, 1994: 882) and it is closely associated with the term â€Å"ethics† which is â€Å"the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment.† Even this much of an explanation is unclear, though, as terms such as â€Å"standards of conduct,† â€Å"moral judgment† and â€Å"moral character† have yet to be defined on a concrete level. These terms are potentially defined differently depending upon

Analyzing the present state of Jamaica Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyzing the present state of Jamaica - Essay Example However, the founding of Jamaica was officially articulated to the discovery made by the Spanish explorer called Christopher Columbus in the 15th century1. He discovered that Jamaica comprised of over 200 hundred villages of the indigenous population in the southern part of the country. Thereafter the British proclaimed the Jamaican colony and Spanish conceded defeat, as they were militarily weak to engage in a battle with the British. Therefore, Henry explored further into the northern parts and established British settlements after realizing that the colony had rich soils that would promote agricultural projects. From a critical analysis of the book â€Å"The present state of Jamaica†, the following discussion explains on the tremendous exchanges in the Jamaican history that resulted to distinct cultures, political systems, economic practices, and social exchanges through demographic dimensions. Spanish colonies were the most established in the Caribbean islands since their founding by Christopher Columbus in the early 1450s. On occupying Jamaica, the Britons realized that all the surrounding colonies belonged to the Spanish and were prosperous in all their economic, social and cultural environments. The Britons lacked financial capabilities to ensure that all activities ran in accordance to the desired set of plans. This period whereby the British tried to weigh out the surrounding circumstances and the possible methods of achieving success in the colony is directly relative to invasions they made in the Spanish rich territories. A young Henry Morgan engaged in the military in his early age, gained experience and turned out to be an aggressive privateer, and through him most of the Britons in Jamaica benefited from the ambushes he laid against the Spanish territories the Spanish. He owned ships and privateers who reflected aggression in all expeditions that Henry termed as profitable2. The book referred to as the present Jamaica is a reflection of the activities aged before 1665 in Jamaica and the extent at which they shaped the subsequent environment in the country. These intercultural relations are born of Captain Morgan’s invasions, and the British military slavery practices in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Jamaican colonial masters traded in slavery in order to yield enough manual labor for farming. Most of the slaves were from the African continent while the rest comprised of the South Americans, Asians, and the indigenous population of Jamaica3. Throughout the past 6 centuries, Jamaica has been a hub for many of the world’s notorious pirates, a factor articulated to the practices of Henry Morgan. Ancient practices continually passed through generations and the country’s current culture of Jamaica is comprised of notorious and aggressive individuals, many of whom are youths. The rise in crimes and indulgence in drugs, and the considerable praise heaped on the legendary Captain Morgan reflect to the c urrent practices. In the 15th century, the British were well established and had begun to rear a wide variety of domestic animals ranging from fowl, flocks of sheep, horses, mules, and wild birds of whose products would be of vital use at their homes. The masters argued out that all the present animal and food variety were of better quality compared to those present in their homeland, Britain. As the colony continuously amassed strengths and engaged in worthwhile economic activities, their Spanish predecessors would make surprise attacks, but all were combated by the military

International Management Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management Issues - Assignment Example The company has more than 820 stores and 63,000 employees. The company is next to South Africa include working in Angola, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In 2004 the chain opened its first store outside the African continent, in India. All stores are connected to the central computer in Cape Town, whereas sales per quarter are tracked via satellite (Oxford Economics, 2012). The shops of the company are often easy to spot, because they are in a closed area with lots of monitoring. The company is in Africa against many problems. Not only must it offer many bribes (also called the African way of doing business), for an establishment in a country, but also to the company itself build buildings and roads to build. Furthermore, the internal African import tariffs often very high (average 30 to 60% of the value of a product), although there are many, often overlapping, free trade zones (Oxford Economics, 2012). The company is criticized b y some for its low wages. In Malawi, a strike for better wages (at $ 4 per week) answered an ad in the newspaper with the demand for new workers, which stopped the strike. Brazil Brazil is a country recognized with the name of Federative Republic of Brazil, which is the largest kingdom in South America. It is regarded as the 5th largest country in the world both by the population of over 192 million people and by geographical area. On the east, it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean with a coastline of 7,491 kilometres. On the north borders it has countries like Guyana, Venezuela, and Suriname and on the north-west it is bounded by Columbia. It is a country which is bordered by all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador. The economy of Brazil is the 6th largest in the supposed Gross Domestic Product and the 7th biggest in purchasing power in the world since 2011. It is among the best developing economies of the world. It is also a member country of several organization s like United Nations, Latin Union, CPLP, G20, Union of South American Nations, Organization of American States, and comes under the countries of BRIC. Brazil is considered as a land to diverse natural resources, wild-life, protected habitat, and the natural environments (Country Watch, 2012). Brazilian industry consists of 6% Agriculture, 25% manufacturing and 68% services. The long term credit ratings of the country are also stable. In the last decade more efforts were diverted towards securing a sustainable macroeconomic environment. Increased sustainability has lead to robust growth till 2010 which was 7.6%. However, recent economic conditions across the globe have deteriorated the growth. Brazil is expected to take-off in terms of growth at the rate of 5% in 2013. In the long term it is expected that Brazil will not be able to pace up with growth rate of 2013 and the average growth rate will hover around 3.9% from 2012 to 2013. The ongoing world economic crisis including Euro z one crisis has led to depreciation of Brazilian Real. This depreciation of currency has helped in boosting the exports of the locals due to cheap prices in international markets (Country Watch, 2012). Discussion Relations between Brazil and South Africa have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance to South Africa in the form of training and logistics of war. The relations between these countries increased as a result of the new South-South foreign policy of

The Ring of Gyges Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ring of Gyges - Assignment Example His argument presents a counter-attack to Glaucon’s philosophy purporting that if two identical rings are presented to a just and unjust man, they would both act unjustly. Therefore, proceeds to argue that those who incline their actions to just only do so under compulsion. He also says that one may decline using the ring to perform misdeeds. Meaning that although such a person would receive praises on her face but on the other side she would be regarded a great fool who is unable to utilize the power in her possession. Socrates states that one does not derive justice from the social construct. That’s why his argument tallies that the man who abused the power contained in the ring enslaved himself to his selfish appetites. But hold that the man who chooses not to use the ring remains rationally in total control of himself and thus he is very happy. Therefore, Socrates suggests that the man who uses the ring is always in a constant war with himself ( Copp, 2007).   Socrates is in a strong belief that the soul consists of three parts. These parts include; rational, appetitive and Spirited. He continues to argue that an appetite for something exists like hunger and thirst. He says that we always have some knowledge concerning the demands that are driving us to satisfy the appetite. Therefore, he poses to think, supposing something holds the thirsty person from drinking, what could it be termed to be? This analogy is used to describe the three parts of the soul. The rational part is that which is concerned with the calculation thus goes ahead to examine the existing appetites in relation to the expected consequences. He suggests that the part linked to hunger, lusts, thirsts and which is tickled by all forms of appetites is the irrational appetitive part.

Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Law - Essay Example In United States, the Supreme Court argued that those penalized for lifetime imprisonment, are maybe disenfranchised for failing to exercise their right to vote, but that remain part of the punitive measures. 2 Karlan (2002), like other advocate, contend that â€Å"lifetime disenfranchisement as a punishment is extremely disproportionate to the offenses for which it often imposed.† 3 To some extent, this view was reverberated in the controversial case Hirst v UK 20054, where a felon raised a question of law in the international court and assailed that UK’s electoral policy is in conflict to international human rights standards and to universally adopted principles for total rehabilitation or reformation of felons. 5 1. Hirst: Rising for his rights Hirst6 was penalized for lifetime imprisonment in 1980 for the commission of manslaughter based on medical evidences presented for adjudication. His tariff expired in 1994 but he remained in detention because the Parole Board considered him dangerous. Barred to vote under Representation of the People Act 1983 as a felon, he challenged the law based on Human Rights Act 1998 and argued that the provision prohibiting him to exercise his right to suffrage is contrary to European Convention on Human Rights. However, at the Divisional Court in 2001, Lord Justice Kennedy7 decided that prisoners forfeited the right to participate in political affairs for his country because â€Å"removal from society means removal from the privileges of society†. 8 Such incarceration and subsequent depravity of practicing his civil rights, particularly the right to vote, is also practiced in Europe, western countries and in other democratic Asian nations. In UK, this policy take its historic root from Section 4 of the Representation of the People Act 1969 that was substantially inspired by Forfeiture Act 1870, a law that impose â€Å"civic death† for convicted criminals. 9 True, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) stipulated the protection of every citizen for opportunity regardless of distinction and to participate in the conduct of public affairs including election. But on the same context, the populace is also legally protected for security, an inherent right for self- preservation from harm and against dangerous and convicted criminals. This indeed demand advocates to imperatively balance the appreciation of rights. For while prisoners, deprived of liberty, are treated humanely with his inherent dignity as a person, but his other civil rights are temporarily curtailed with the intent of rehabilitating and reforming him from grievous offense until he will be mainstream back to the society after completing his sentence.† 10 Inside the penology’s confines, a felon may require expert therapy to diagnose his problems and needs, inclusive of psychological, spiritual and medical aspects while in the process of reformation. 11 Clearly, it is the intent of the state to penalize a convicted felon by suspending some of his civil rights to reform him but legal luminaries

Foodborne illness Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foodborne illness - Thesis Example In this specific case, experts presumed the hen houses in which the eggs are produced were also home to rodents, which can taint food products with salmonella bacteria. There is no indication from these sources that a violation of HACCP procedures occurred, or that the cause of the salmonella was the result of an accident. In many cases of outbreak, it is best to treat the effects of the problem immediately before addressing its cause (Anders & Caswell, 2009). Although macrotrends of increasing foodborne illnesses are apparent, there has not been any significant increase in the number outbreak cases within the period from 2005 to 2008 (Nyachuba, 2010). Such outbreaks are preventable during the different stages of food consumption: namely, by the use of good agricultural practices at the first stage, which includes rigorous use of the HACCP program, good manufacturing practices, and standard operating procedures for sanitation. Part of this commitment to food safety might include trai ning employees to avoid food contamination by properly sanitizing equipment and food-contact surfaces and preventing cross-contamination.

Reflective Account and SMART Action Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflective Account and SMART Action Plan - Essay Example Employability will be essential in building skills that involve personal knowledge hence make me be in a better position to secure an occupation that is secure and satisfying. Dynamic indicator types is a type of report that will help me understand myself and help me know the factors that make me different from other people. I learnt a lesson regarding graduate labour markets, and from my perspective, students who study courses that are less practical have high possibilities of going back to school to further their education based on the narrowness of the job opportunities for them. Decision making is also a proactive activity that will help in selecting options that are essential in career development. When choosing the career I want, I will employ both sociological theory and matching theory because with the help of these choices, I will attain self-esteem and be able to explore available potentials. I underwent an overview of job searching and networking skills and learnt that there are different types of work experience. Job shadowing being a type of job experience is an interesting form of work in the way it gives an insight on how professionalism goes on in the day-to-day life. With job shadowing, I will be able to gain knowledge on roles of a certain job difference in various organizations. Work experience, on the other hand will help in increasing the awareness of my personality because having a good work experience will enable me have a clear goal of my career. With fierce job completion that is experienced these days, I have learnt that having a good CV gives me competitive. For the CV to be good, it has to contain all the basic details, give general ideas about experiences gained while at work and even in school not forgetting achievements made. There is a great difference in the way CVs are written in China and UK. For instance, most employers in China, a passport phot o is necessary in a CV including ethnicity and political

The Value of Equity Theory Essay Example for Free

The Value of Equity Theory Essay Introduction Cadbury Nigeria PLC is an associate company of the Cadbury Schweppes Group. Established in Nigeria in 1965, its core business is the manufacture and sales of fast moving consumer goods in the foods, food drinks confectionery groupings. There are 2000 employees in Cadbury Nigeria at various management and non-management staff cadres. Its major competitor is the Nestle Group PLC. Other manufacturing firms in the brewery, foods telecommunication industries also compete with Cnplc in the area of manpower poaching; staff turnover amongst these companies is common. This write up seeks to analyse how Cadbury Nigeria PLC (Cnplc, the organisation or the company) motivates its workforce as well as how the equity theory can assist in ensuring an equitable and fair organizational structure. I am of the opinion that a motivated workforce will contribute to better performance and higher profit margins. Motivational Methods Techniques in use in Cadbury Nigeria PLC Cadbury Nigeria Plc is one of the foremost multinational firms in Nigeria, whose aim is to become the employer of choice. This it hopes to achieve through a people-focused Human Resources Strategy. A central theme of this strategy is to attract, develop, retain and optimise talent to meet both current and future business needs. (Source: Cnplc employee handbook). This it hopes to achieve by becoming the employer of choice. The understanding of the implications of the equity theory in my view should be one of the primary responsibilities of the HR function of any company. This is why I have begun this analysis with a brief examination of what the HR strategy of Cnplc consists of. To a large extent, it is possible to deduce how seriously a company takes the subject of inequity, by examining its HR policies and strategies. The study was undertaken mainly by questioning a few employees. Information was also obtained from the HR strategy manager and other company sources, all sources are duly acknowledged. I happen to be an employee of Cnplc for the past 7 years; hence, this provides with me sufficient grounds to assess the trends over the years. Source: Cadbury Nigeria plc, HR strategy dialogue 2004. How Cadbury Nigeria PLC motivates its Workforce This will be discussed under four areas: 1. Annual Salary Reviews 2. Upfront Allowances 3. Staff Capabilities Investment 4. Welfare Packages. Annual Salary Reviews This is tied to the performance appraisal review, which occurs once a year. Each employee is graded by his/her line manager, based on the years performance. These scores are tied to salary increments, according to the employees cadre. The primary aim of this is to ensure that no person earns the same salary for more than 1 year. The major advantage is that it motivates employees to remain with the company, as the staff turnover over the years has been at an all time low. However, the challenge of this technique has an implication for developing countries, such as Nigeria, in that the personal style of organization (Hickson Pugh, chapter 9,page 249) bears its ugly head. This translates to performance reviews that are biased (Nigerians value personal relationships with their bosses, and there is a conscious effort by most employees to want to remain in the good books of their bosses, so as to win favours.) The tribal diversity of the country (over 200 ethnic groups) also means that bosses may over rate the performance of subordinates from the same tribe with them. Indeed, this remains a challenge in developing countries like mine. One thing I know for sure is that my colleagues look forward to this salary review and I would say that it is an effective motivational technique. Upfront Allowances This involves taking a certain amount of employees basic salaries and paying them at the beginning of the year in a lump sum. In Cadbury Nigeria, this allowance is 40% of the basic salary and is referred to as the annual housing allowance. Since in Nigeria, rent is paid annually, it is common practice for big firms to advance salary payments to enable their employees pay rent. However a major drawback of this is the fact that an employee could resign at any time during the year, leading to losses incurred by the company. Some companies have stopped the payment of upfront allowances. However, Cadbury Nigeria hasnt. In addition, the leave allowance of 10% of the annual basic salary is paid upfront as well. The application of equity theory here is glaring, as the Nestle group in Nigeria pays its workers 50% of annual basic salary as upfront housing allowance. Staff Capabilities Investment Investing in staff development takes different forms in the organization. The three techniques in use are: * Training Programs: usually held in-house, within the country and sometimes outside the country, if specific training courses are not available in Nigeria. The HR policy of the company states that employees are entitled to 2 courses annually, but this is not adhered to in most cases. In part II of this write-up, I will look out how this has caused dissatisfaction amongst employees. * Young Talents: involving the posting of high potential employees to any Cadbury Schweppes company in the world (for a minimum of 2 years), this program is an instant motivator for staff who have been privileged to experience it. The major objective of this is to increase exposure as well as equip staff with new ways of working. Usually, individuals are promoted on return to their home countries. However, there are issues of inequity here as well, which we will explore in the 2nd part of this analysis. Welfare Packages: Subsidies of various forms. These are; Medical Scheme: This covers a comprehensive medical coverage (treatment, surgery etc) for each employee and his/her spouse and 4 children. The scheme excludes dental care and eyeglass prescriptions. Meal Subsidy: There is a 75% subsidy on lunch for management staff, while meals are provided free to non-management staff. Car loans: Provision of car loans commensurate with basic salary earnings (each employee is entitled to 100% of his/her annual basic salary as car loan.) In addition, 50 % of interest repayments of the loan are borne by the company. Insurance cover: Apart from a comprehensive life assurance scheme undertaken for all employees, the company also provides a 50% subsidy on vehicle insurances for all employees private cars that have been registered with the companys Insurance pool. It is not mandatory for all employees though. Section II Analyzing the application of the Equity Theory to Cadbury Nigeria The average Nigerian worker is motivated, (albeit in low levels) mostly by money. This is similar to Hickson Pughs (management worldwide) analysis on the peculiar characteristics of organizations in developing countries. How the understanding of the Equity Theory can lead to a better-motivated workforce in Cadbury Nigeria. Reading through this course, it occurred to me that if most managements were aware of the Equity Theory, it would enable them to better understand what motivates their workforces. This will assist not only in curtailing employee turnover, but will result in a happier workforce and better performance. The question the management of Cadbury must ask itself is how to reduce inequity in all staff cadres. This has to be a 2-way approach; 1. Interviewing employees; Employees at all levels should be interviewed on what motivates and demotivates them. Organizations with a high power distance have a long way to go in this regard. Management Worldwide (page 22) lists West Africa (Nigeria is one of the West African countries) as having a power distance of 77. Definitely, reducing the power distance will not be an easy task, since it involves cultural change. An example of this is in Cadbury Nigeria, where most subordinates (about 95%, including myself) do not call their bosses by their first names, and the managers decision is final in most cases even though this may not be in the best interest of the organization. If this is the case such subordinates will rather keep mum about what bothers them rather than risk losing a job. 2. Having clear-cut guidelines and policies: A transparent management will definitely run a more equitable organization. The reasons why rewards are given should be clearly stated. In addition, procedures such as training courses and promotion requirements should be clearly documented. An example of this in my organization is the issue of training courses. Employees feel that the process of selection of staff for training courses abroad (and sometimes in the country) is a highly inequitable process. In many instances, the same sets of people go for the same courses from year to year. This has led to dissatisfied employees who have concluded that they have to belong to the right click in order to be trained. While this is not entirely true, I personally experienced a situation in which a course came up that was relevant to my job description, and my boss insisted on going for the course. The HR manager in charge of training told me there was nothing she could do about it, because my boss had the final say about who should go for a particular course. Had my organization been more sensitive to inequity, they would have seen from my job description, that the course was more suited to my role. Limitations of the Equity Theory to the Nigerian Context The organizational culture in Nigeria tends to be very similar to that of the Indians. As outlined in Chapter 9, page 264 of management worldwide, India is not Africa, but India is very similar to Africa. Indeed reading through the chapter on developing countries was like the typical Nigerian organizational style. In developing countries like Nigeria, belonging to the same tribe as your boss or a senior influential employee could earn you a promotion. So also can boot-licking (in this context being extremely non-resisting with your boss and even subtly praising him) which is common with the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria. Hence I would infer that the Anglo context of the equity theory may not be fully applicable to the certain developing countries such as Nigeria. The tendency is high, for individuals in developing countries to rationalize inequity. This, I believe is due to the unfavourable economic climate, poverty levels and high unemployment levels, which makes people cherish their jobs. Also, tribal diversity (in the case of Nigerias 250 ethnic groups) has led to the display of power, infringement on fundamental human rights and injustices of different sorts being perpetuated in the workplace. It is common practice to get short listed for a job interview in Nigeria solely because you know a person connected with the organization. The above considerations have contributed to the toleration of inequity by a good number of Nigerians. In any case, it is difficult for any developing country employee to adopt any of the strategies outlined in the text book for this course(organizational behaviour by Buchanan and Huczynski). This is as a result of the generally lackadaisical attitude of Nigerians as well as the element of fear; which results in increased inequity in some cases. Insights gained by this analysis Despite the limitations of the application of the equity theory to the company as outlined above, there is much to be gained from it. In particular, this can be applied to the HR strategy of the organization. A thorough appreciation of inequity will translate to higher motivational levels and by inference to higher performance, and profit margins. A demotivated workforce is a dangerous workforce. My suggestions as to the practical application of this to the organizational structure of Cadbury Nigeria is as follows: 1. The current situation of the workforce is one of a fair proportion of inequity. There is a need for the organizations management to draw up a clear-cut plan as to how rewards are earned. Incorporating clear guidelines of the companys policies in the employee handbook is one method by which this can be achieved. This should also be backed up by seminars aimed at given detailed explanations of these policies. In developing countries, communication is key. 2. The need for to understand how inequity translates to high staff turnover lower performance and consequently, reduced profits from disgruntled employees. In some cases, management plays the part of the cruel employer. As a result of the relatively cheaper labour available in developing countries, it is easy to recruit new staff should disgruntled employees resign. 3. An attempt to reduce inequity amongst employees by discouraging rumuors and hearsay talk. This can be done by operating a corporate communications system whereby staffs are encouraged to contribute ideas on how to achieve harmony within the work force. On its part, management should be seen to operate in a transparent fashion. In Cadbury Nigeria, e directors organize monthly town hall meetings, where staff are encouraged to voice their complaints. However, there is a noticeable reluctance on the part of the employees to talk about their grudges. In a few cases, certain bold employees who have been very vocal at these meetings, ended up being t by their bosses to desist from such openness. Clearly, negative cultural traits could be a hindrance to the value added from the application of equity theory in some modern organizations. 4. Conducting periodic surveys to monitor the impact of company decisions that affect employee welfare and human resource issues. In the Nigerian context, these surveys should be done anonymously and past attempts in Cadbury Nigeria, reveal that people are usually too scared to open up in a corporate environment. Again, this is clearly an organizational culture issue peculiar to developing countries. Conclusion This assignment has afforded me the opportunity to gain knowledge about what motivates individuals and how employers can encourage put in their best in for the benefit of the organizations in which they work. Perhaps, someday I will have the opportunity to apply the knowledge gained from this module to the organization where I am employed. It has also exposed me to the fact that, management is often ignorant about vital issues that motivate or demotivate work forces. However, until corporate organizations understand the implications of what leads to personal job satisfaction, they may be saddled with the high cost of replacing dissatisfied staff. In addition, I think that it is a bit of out of sync applying the theories and social techniques of the developed world to the developing world. Developing countries on their part, should invest in studies and researches with at view to arriving at their own conclusive analysis and observations.. Until this can be done, I think that managers will continue to experience inequity in their work environments.

Types Of Forward Error Correction

Types Of Forward Error Correction Error correcting codes are important in protecting transmitted data. In this paper we introduce the forward error correction (FECs) about the background of it INTRODUCTION, how they works, explain the principles of forward error correcting codes (FECs) Principles of FECs. And we also introduce the different types of FECs and how they work in internet and wireless communications TYPES of FECs. Index Terms-forward error correction (FECs), Error Correction Code, internet, wireless. INTRODUCTION Forward Error Correction code is a data code which is used in error control for data transmission. In FEC which using FECs, the receiver not only can catch transmission error, but also determine where the error happened by binary symbol and correct it. Different from ARQ, FEC is applied to the relatively costly retransmissions. Whats more, in order to recover corrupted data, FEC information is usually added to mass storage devices. The advantage of forward error correction is that retransmission of data can often be avoided. Digital communication systems also use FEC to minimum SNR. When the channel errors tend to occur in bursts, FEC coded data can reduce the all or nothing properties of transmitted FEC codes. [1] But this advantage is based on the cost of higher bandwidth requirements on average, which means that FEC is applied in situations where retransmissions are relatively expensive or impossible. 2 PRINCIPLES of FECs Forward error correction code (FECs) is a data codes which is used in FEC system for data transmission. Because of the FECs, the sender adds to its messages by using a predetermined algorithm, the receiver can detect and correct errors without asking the sender for additional data. Not all the errors can be corrected by the same design of the code, thus, various conditions need different FEC codes to match. Furthermore, many FEC algorithms can take analog data in, and put digital data out. There are two basic ways to code, linear block code and cycle code. But they share the similar principle. When we send k bits date and use linear block codes to correct it, the transmission system will reconstruct n bits code word by multiplied n*k generator matrix such that we can tolerate k-n losses. And when then receiver get the n bits code word, and multiplied the n bits code by HT matrix n*(n-k) matrix composed by the unit matrix and arbitrary matrix. It will control the error and rectify the error by using the result of the last multiplied. Final, the decoder will reconstruct the date like the picture. To check large data we need lots of work. And consider about the strength and accuracy, the linear block codes are not easy to implement in hardware. The cycle codes are easier to implement than linear block code by using shift registers. The sender multiplies the data by order of generator polynomial P(x) to create code word. And in receiver, it divides receive code by P(x) to get the syndrome and find where the error is. Then the decoder will reconstruct the date. 3 TYPES of FECs Block codes and Convolution codes The two main types of FECs are block codes and convolution codes. In this section, we will talk about the different bound of each of them and compare those advantages and disadvantage. Block codes work on fixed length blocks of bits or symbols of predetermined size. It encode the data by multiple a complex matrix and in receiver, the decoder will reconstruct the data and correct the errors. There are many types of block codes such as BCH codes and Hamming codes. Convolution codes work on bit or symbol streams, which have arbitrary length. In general, they are decoded with the Viterbi algorithm. While increasing constraint length of the convolution code, it allows asymptotically optimal decoding efficiency, its still at the expense of exponentially increasing complexity. [2] It encodes k bits information into n bits symbols. Because k and n is small, it is easy to transmission. Different from Block code, the n bits code work not only depend on the k bits date, but also depend on the forward symbols. Convolution codes are used in numerous applications such as digital video, radio, mobile communication, and satellite communication. It is high speed and efficient. In another word, we can choose which types FECs can be used in our system by we need. But Reed-Solomon coding (RS) is the most widely used because it strange ability in error control. Now we introduce some types of FECs. CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check is the most important of linear group codes and the most commonly used error checking code. Its information field and check the length of the field can be arbitrarily selected. A CRC is formed by date and check code. The senders code the source data and send the check code behind the data. And the receivers yet code the data via the same way and compare the check code with the result. The advantage of CRC is that it is easy to use in computer and digital components because it is formed by binary code. But the codes length is large and it takes more unwanted time and channels. An example of using CRC code is the FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array). During device operation, it can make continual verification of the CRAM contents feasible by using hard CRC checker. The CRC is guaranteed to detect multi-bit errors. Integrating CRC circuitry on-chip in hard gates has many benefits, for example, the circuitry is capable of performing without failure under a wide range of conditions and not susceptible to soft errors. Furthermore, the CRC circuit is a self-contained block and is enabled simply. [3] BCH code and R-S code: BCH code can check and correct multiple random errors in model multi-level, cycle, error correction, variable-length digital code. It is a non-binary codes. Reed-Solomon is encompassed from BCH. It is made up of n symbols, and each of the symbols is m bits long. [4] After coding, it adds t check symbols to the data, and the decoder can use an R-S code to detect any errors of up to t symbols, and correct up to t/2 errors. It is more complex then simple of CRC and has strong error correction ability. It is widely used in mass data storage system such as DVD, e-Reader and some game systems to correct the burst errors. And the R-S code also can be use to overcome the unreliable condition of data transmissions. An application of R-S codes was to correct the data sent back by Voyager. It is significant that R-S code is used in satellite transmission. Because R-S code gains much bandwidth need to net transition, so we cant use it in internet. Turbo Code: Turbo codes come from serial concatenated codes which based on an outer Reed-Solomon error correction code. Turbo Codes are well- performance FECs, which is the first practical code to closely approach the channel capacity. They combine a variety of ways of encoding and decoding. The encoders reconstruct the data into three parts -one m bits data and two n/2 bits code. And in receiver, two interconnected decoders are used to avoid error bursts. There are two different type of Turbo Code Turbo Convolution Code (TCC) and Block Turbo Code (BTC) [5]. One is base on Convolution code and the other is Block code. The Turbo Convolution Code has greater correction ability than BTC and is widely used in wireless communication while Block Turbo Code shows better performance at high code rate and suits for optical communication systems. 4. FECs in WIRELESS and INTERNET FECs in wireless High-speed multimedia data transmission is vulnerable to burst errors primarily due to the structure. The quality of service (QoS) of a wireless network is largely dependent on the link stability and availability and the error probability. FECs minimize the effects of multipart fading to enhance the QoS by adding check code in the transmitted data. And in all kinks of FECs, the R-S code has the most strong error correction ability. And R-S codes are effective in minimizing the irrecoverable system problems which are aroused by burst errors in high speed data traffic and reducing the bit error rate [6]. As a result, the wireless link is higher availability and E/N is dropped. So both in industry wireless net and wireless transmission, it is in widespread. And now in BWA, an R-S (204,188) has been put forward. It can diffuse a number of errors in one point to some small error. And the error will been corrected in decoder. FECs in internet FECs is applied in internet is a new development research problem in recently decennium. In internet, FECs adapt to complete more address transmission. First, people think about the R-S code because it reliability. And R-S code is easy to be decoded. But R-S code needs a complex math operation. In long data transmission, it will take too long time and it may tribute network traffic jam by using R-S code. So R-S code just using in short length date transmission. And now most use the Tornado code in internet. Tornado code is a Low-density parity codes and constructed in a kind of non-formula picture. Spielman provide the Expander code in 1995 on the base of Low-density parity codes.[7] And in 1998, Byers J W, and Luby M put out the Tornado code on the base of it.[8] Tornado code can be coded in a linearity time. And it has a quickly spread speed than R-S code. This is the structure of Tornado code. By using FECs, the speed of transmission in internet will be decreased with less retransmission. And FECs also can avoid the blocking and ensuring internet reliability when we transmit data in internet. Comparing the application of FECs between in internet and wireless, we can get the conclusion. The wireless need higher QoS and can provide more bandwidth to transmit data. So we use R-S code or Turbo Convolution Code to enhance the availability of links to get high QoS. While in internet, R-S code will take more time in encoding and decoding and in internet retransmit isnt cost a lot so we use Tornado instead or just use ARQ only. 5. CONCLUSION and REFLECTION As FEC uses excess information to locate the errors and correct them without further communication with the sender, it is generally effective when there is a high degree of corre- lation in the error. We can see that there are many advantages of FEC: it sometimes has no feedback channel necessary; it has long delay path; it is one-way transmission; it is useful for multi- cast, etc. Despite of these, FEC also meets some problems: it needs high bandwidth, thus it is computationally expensive; it requires over-transmission, etc. Therefore, FEC is not extensively used at the packet level. So in the next step, we need build new protocol and update our modern FECs to get higher QoS and speed of encoding and decoding such as Tornado code and RS (204, 188). And we also need to update our FEC to seek new way to construct FECs. 6. EVALUATION After this assignment, we take a further step in learning FECs. We become much more clearly about the different types of FECs, including their strengths and weaknesses and how they work. At first, we just surfed on the internet and collected any useful information about FECs we could find. Nevertheless, we found that the resources were limited and decentralized. In order to explain the fundamental of FECs clearly, we borrowed some books from library and then solved the problems we met. Although the process of doing research and selecting useful information is plain and boring, we benefit a lot from it. We not only learn about the knowledge, but also got some researching experience.

How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader Politics Essay

How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader Politics Essay Introduction Before starting this essay I feel it is important to define the term Leadership. Leadership is the relationship among leaders and their followers or supporters who intend to make real changes that reflect their shared purposes. Leadership is much more than the management of an individual or a team it is also the ability to make the team or company as successful as possible. As the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan was widely renowned for his leadership skills. Through out his two terms in office Reagan used these skills to full effect. These skills where largely acquired during his early acting years when he was involved in the Screen Actors Guild. During Reagans first term in office, Reagan created new economic and political initiatives which were often referred to as Reaganomics, he brought about de-regulation and he also implemented substantial tax cuts in 1980s. During this first term Reagan survived an assassination attempt on his life. In the 1984 presidential election Reagan won in an out right victory to earn a second term in office. During this term Reagan was largely focused on foreign policy which was top of his agenda. Ending of the cold war with the Soviet Union which Reagan referred to as an evil empire was his top priority. The negotiations that followed with Soviet Union resulted in a decrease of both countries nuclear w eapons. This was hailed as a huge triumph. Reagan is widely known today as one of the greatest ever leaders that ever lead America. Leadership Skills Communications The art of been able to communicate is vital in any management or leadership role. Been able to communicate plays a very important role for an engineer, on a daily basis an engineer will be in constant communication with various different groups from architects to labours. Been able to get your point across is very important in ensuring the success of the project. To be an effective leader one must have an effective communication skill. This was one of Reagans most talented leadership skills. Reagan had a great ability to been able to communicate with his followers i.e. the people. Reagan was such good communicator that he earned the nickname The Great communicator. Once Reagan had a vision what he thought should be done he would then convey it to the people. Often he would use visual aids such as charts to convey his message. Been able to communicate your visions of what you think needs to be done with your followers is crucial for any leader. Any ordinary leader can have a vision of what he thinks will work but it takes a good leader to be able to communicate it with his followers. Reagan was able to take any complex matter such as his economic initiatives which he proposed and dilute it down to simple terms so the ordinary person would be able to understand it. There are many examples of where Reagan would take complex matters such as his economic initiatives which he proposed to help Americas economy to grow and turn into a non complex matter by doing so the people understood what to be done to help America recover. Once the people understood the matter on hand they would back him. Reagans economy initiatives were of huge success, with the economy growing over a third in size and with every group in society benefited the poor grew rich while the rich grew richer. Another example where we see Reagan making use of his communications skills is where he proposed the Strategic Defence Initiatives a defence system which was capable of shooting down enemies missiles. Reagan explained to the nation why there was a need for such a costly defence system. Even though the media termed it stars wars Reagan pressed ahead with the idea as he knew the people understood. Reagan often used simple charts to convey his message. Reagan said there was a need to able to defend ourselves. Reagan thrived on been able to communicate and building relationships with his people. Often he made people feel that he had a connection with them building these relationships with his people is one many reasons for his success and popularity among the people. Negotiations and conflict resolutions The skill of been able to resolve resolutions and been able to negotiate is a very important factor in the characteristic of a good leader. Reagan clearly had this skill in abundance they are many examples where Reagan used this skill to his advantage. The art of negotiation plays an important role of that of an engineer, on a daily basis engineers deals with new clients, contractors and various other professions. Been able to negotiate will play an important role in determining how good of an engineer you will be. The engineer will also on a daily basis have to settle disputes. Throughout the book DSouza illustrates many examples where we see Reagan negotiating and solving conflicts with other leaders. For example during the cold war period a time of intense hostile between the democratic Americans and the communism Russians, Russia started to build up a large amount of weaponry and for the first time its army size surpassed that of the United States, Reagan knew that he had to negotiate with Russia to ensure the safety of his country. Reagan began to encourage Gorbachev the Soviet Leader on an arms reduction treaty STARTS, Strategic Arms reduction talks. The two leaders agreed on a treaty to reduce its arsenal of weaponry. Getting the soviets to agree on this treaty was an astonishing achievement on Reagans part as at this time the two nations where on the brink of a war. Here we seen the negotiations skills that Reagan possessed in managing to pull off such a feat. On coming to office the main goal of Reagan was to prevent the spread of communism. Reagan hoped of to end Communism and its control around the world. Reagan began a process of negotiations with the Soviet Leader; from the start Reagan knew that it was going to be a challenge. Reagan persisted and in the end brought about an end to the cold war. Gorbachev was stated as saying, He was a man who was instrumental in bringing about the end of the Cold War. Here we can learn a lot from a great leader, in his pursue of his goal. Reagan set out to end communism which he manage to so by employing all his leadership skills which was mainly his negotiations skills. Leadership Styles There are many different types of leadership styles some of these styles include directive, supportive, participative and achievement-oriented leadership. Directive leadership is where the leader provides guidance of what should be done. Supportive leadership is showing concerns for the needs of the employees while be approachable. Participative leadership: consulting with employees and seriously considering their ideas when making decisions. Achievement-oriented leadership is where the leader encourages the employees to perform at their highest possible level he/she does this by setting challenging goals and also by demonstrating a significant confidence in their employee abilities. Throughout this book DSouza makes it very clear that Reagans leadership style was that he was both a supportive and a participative leader. Reagan was very supportive of the various aides and advisers that he had around him. Reagan would always listen to their concerns on various matters; he would sometimes leave his advisers debate the topic on hand without intervening in either side till both sides were finished. Reagan would seriously listen to both sides before then making the final decision on the matter on hand. Reagan did this as he felt if he gave his opinion at the start it would influences the debates, as he felt some times his advisers picked the side of the president. DSouza also it makes it very clear that he and other advisers never had any trouble approaching Reagan on any matter and that he was always friendly. A truly great leader is approachable at all times, a person who employees do not fear of going to or are not afraid to give their opinions on matters which are of concern to them. Motivation According to Burke motivation is an inner force that causes or induces someone to be inspired to do something (Burke, 2007). It is important to note that what inspires one person may or may not inspire someone else. It is up the manager to influence this working environment which encourages the individual in question to motivate them in such a way that they achieve the project goals set out. DSouza highlights many situations where the staffs working for Reagan were motivated to work. Such examples where we see how the staff where motivated include Reagan handing over many sections of the running of the country to his advisers and aides. By giving his staff more responsibility for the running of the country they were motivated to work as it gave them a sense of achievement. Reagan also encouraged his staff to lead a balanced life, come 5 O Clock he would often he would go into the various offices in the white office telling his workers to go home. This motivated them as they felt the president cared for them and their families as he wanted them to lead a balance life style between work and at home. One of Reagan famous quotes dealing with issue of hard work its true hard work never killed anybody, but I figure, why take the chance? .This quotation is typically of Reagan showing his humorous side and his take on work. Working with stakeholders Stakeholders are people who are either actively involved in the project in hand or who are effected by the project being implemented. It is the leaders job to identify all the stakeholders and to determine their expectations. These expectations should be managed to determine its success (Burke, 2007). In How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader we see that Reagans stakeholders were the general public. It is the people who are affected by every decision that Reagan makes. To work with his stakeholders Reagan did his best to communicate with them. Reagan would call press conferences in which he would inform the nation in the most simplicity way that he could the topic that was on hand. Reagan believed it was best telling the public in the simplicity of ways as it gave them of a clear picture of what needs to be done. The other stakeholders working with Reagan were his advisers and aides, Reagan would always encourage them to contribute their skills and knowledge on the topic on hand as he believed it was vital for the success of the project. Optimism Throughout the book with can see that Reagan was always optimism. DSouza gives many quotes from Reagan through out the book showing his optimism such quotes include To believe that together we can and will, with Gods help, resolve the problems that now confront us.   Which Reagan gave in his first inaugural address Reagan was trying to be optimistic telling the nation that better times were ahead. Having optimism is very important when been a leader as it offers hope to your followers . Accountability Another important trait that Reagan held is that Reagan was not afraid to hold people accountability we see an example of this is when on August 1981 workers in the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization walked went on strike in an organized strike they demands been a reduce working week to 32 hour week. When the striking air traffic controllers refused to return to work, Reagan fired them and banned each of the members from federal service for life. Ronald Reagan the air traffic control workers accountable. This is action of a good leader as he shows he willingly hold people responsibility while also being strong. Likeable To be a good leader you must be likeable. The more likeable a leader is the more people will follow him as people tend not to follow people they dislike. Reagan was vey much a likeable man, throughout the book we see that he was described by people who worked for him as a kind and a decent person. A lot of the time Reagan would use humour which people enjoyed if they werent on the receiving end. Reagan would often use humour to avoid answers from the press or to win crucial arguments in public debates. Admit Mistakes A key component to any good leader is to been able to admit to your own mistakes. This is very important as through your life time you will make mistakes, and a good leader will put his hand up and admit that he is wrong, he will the move on. An example of this we see when Reagan admits that he is wrong through the intervention in Lebanon. One of Reagan policies was to intervene in other countries policies in order to preserve democracy but this had devastating consequences when in Lebanon an attack on an army barks killed 240 American soldiers. Reagan was quick to realise his mistake and quickly withdrew from the area. Being able to recognise your mistakes is a key element in becoming a good leader. Conclusion From reading this book we learn some important lessons on leadership. We learn how one man Ronald Reagan used the different leadership skills to achieve so much while in office. We learn the importance of been able to communicate and how important it is to be able to communicate your visions with your followers. One of the most important lessons we learn is how importance is it to reduce your visions to the simplest terms so that your followers will be able to understand them. We learn how to deal with conflicts and how to resolve them as through out the book we see how Reagan resolved various conflicts. On the bigger picture we learn about the different leadership skills and how important that they are in order to be an effective leader. By reading this book the reader will quickly learn how important it is to know the key requires of being a good leader. Reason why you choose this book One of the main reasons why I choose this book Ronald Regan How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader by Dinesh, is that I feel that it would be very beneficial to a young graduate engineer entering the workforce. This book gives us an insight into the life of possible one of the worlds greatest ever leaders Ronald Reagan the 40th president of America. From this book we learn about the different leadership skills that Reagan possessed. I feel it is truly amazing how a man who came from such an ordinary background managed to be elected as the most powerful person in the world. Reagan came from a working class background whose father was an Irish emigrant. Through out his education period Regan was an average achiever he obtained a grade C in his finals, yet he still managed to become president of United States of America. Not only did Reagan manage to become president, but he also accomplished many achievements that will never be forgotten in history. From reading this book t he reader will learn about the different traits that a good leader must have. The achievements that Reagan managed to accomplish through out his terms in office are truly inspiring. Some of his most noticeable achievements include: introducing new economic initiatives to help America recover from the 1980s recession, introducing policies to help with the energy crisis that was happening at the time, introducing substantial tax cuts in 1981, one of his greatest achievements that Reagan will always be remember was the part he played in ending the cold war, as Margaret Thatcher the British prime minister later recalled He ended the cold war without firing a bullet. I feel that a lot can be learnt from reading this book as the reader learns how Reagan used his leadership skills to guide America through a difficult period in their history. We see many of his leadership skills that he possessed been deployed through this book. Achieving the above achievements as mentioning above takes a special kind of leader, a leader that has all the known leadership skills, this enforced my reason for the selection of this book. How is this relevant to graduate engineers? I feel that this book would be of huge benefit to a graduate engineer going into the workforce as it demonstrates how such an ordinary man became such an inspiring leader. Throughout the book we can see the characteristics of Ronald Reagan that made him such a great leader. As an engineer you are expected to lead large groups with such a diversity of talents on a range of different and complex jobs, even though the groups you will be leading wont be as large as the groups Ronald Reagan had to the lead, the basic traits of a good leader are the same. These traits that Reagan used are highlighted by DSouza throughout the book. By reading this book we see how Reagan managed individuals and groups such as his advisers on various matters, we see his negotiations skills in action also. Such examples include: when he is negotiating with Gorbachev the Soviet leader in various arms treaties. We see how he communicated with his followers; we see how he resolved conflicts, such as avoiding a nuclear war with Russia during the cold war. We see how he used motivation to encourage the productivity of his staff, such as handing over more responsibility to his staff they felt that had a personal achievement if they got the task done. Throughout the career of an engineer he/she will have to put to the test their management skills, negotiations and conflict skills communication and motivation skills this book will help in understanding theses key skills and how an ordinary man managed to mobilise them to great effect. As engineer you will be faced with a varied of different challenges that will test your leadership skills by reading this book the reader will understand the concepts of a good leader. I feel that many of the techniques that Reagan used during his time in office to lead the nation, are very applicable to us engineers.

Male Dominance in The Yellow Wallpaper :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

Male Dominance in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of The Yellow Wallpaper reflects the period where men dominated women.   The real meaning of this story is written hidden behind it.   The author had used a writing style that is taking objects portraying men, women, and society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story first starts off a couple have moved to a house. A so- called haunted house, her wife describes it.   The wife, who is a patient of her husband, has moved here to cure her sickness.   She does not admit that she has a problem.   Everyday she keeps looking at the tore yellow wallpaper. She finds it really interesting observing it.   She likes writing personally.   And so she writes about the yellow wallpaper.   Everyday she would find something new to write about.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The wallpaper really represents the society.   Those bars, which she sees in front of the wallpaper, represent freedom.   It is the boundary that woman wants to break open of.   Women image behind the bars, tries to escaped from the control of men will eventually be twisted up.   The lights that shined through the window present the dominant of men.   The wife observes that patterns of the parts where lights shine right at it is the non-active parts.   It symbolizes women are more settle when men are watching over them.   Under their pressure, they don't dare to rebel against them.   Her wife sees images moving around on the dark side.   That brings up a big contradicting point comparing this to our present society.   Back then, woman does not have much freedom.   They are under man's hands.   Secretly they tired to struggle through this strangle. But they failed after all.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My favorite passage of this story is on page 163.  Ã‚   The detailed description that the wife describes really draws much attention to me.   It talks about some details that the wife finds looking at the wallpaper.   And one interesting point, that she sees John and Jennie put their eyes on the wallpaper too.   That she was surprise John and Jennie may see there is something going on about the wallpaper.   But I don't know if that is what the wife is determines or have a guess that's what they are doing also. Last sentence of the passage: "But I Know she was studying that pattern, and I am determined that nobody shall find it out but myself!"   She was very into examining the wallpaper, she is full of confidant that she shall be the one finding out what's behind the wallpaper.   It is quite freaky to hear that from her.   Because she is a patient, and now here she is

Inclusion: Beyond Special Needs Essay -- Educational Issues

Inclusion in education is an approach to educating students with special educational needs; under this model students with special needs spend most or all of their time with non-disabled students. Evidence from the last decade reveals that segregation of special needs students, as opposed to spending time with non-disabled students, is actually damaging to them both academically and socially. Segregating students placed in the special education category is a trend that has been vastly common in public schools, but in the last few years inclusion in general education settings is becoming a more credible option. Placing students in an inclusive classroom is effective in positively adjusting not only their academic performance, but also social and developmental skills needed throughout life. Despite concerns of successfulness and outlook, the inclusion of special needs students in general education classrooms within the public school arena proves to be beneficial for all aspects of edu cation. In contrast to the beneficial validities of inclusive education, there are also particular disputed concerns that are occasionally brought to light and require attention in inclusive classrooms. â€Å"Despite a move toward inclusion being the most significant trend across†¦countries†¦the academic consequences of educating students with special needs in inclusive rather than separate settings remain contested† (Canadian Council on Learning 2). One of the leading worries being noticed because of this growing trend is generally how attention will be divided in the classrooms among all types of learners. â€Å"The growing demand for inclusive practices within mainstream schools has resulted in classroom teachers having to take direct responsibility for the ... ....† British Journal of Special Education 33.2 (2006): 76-81. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2012 Roffman, Leslie, Todd Wanerman, and Cassandra Britton. Including One, Including All: A Guide to Relationship-Based Early Childhood Inclusion. St. Paul: Redleaf Press, 2011. 8. Print. Roffman, Leslie, Todd Wanerman, and Cassandra Britton. Including One, Including All: A Guide to Relationship-Based Early Childhood Inclusion. St. Paul: Redleaf Press, 2011. 9. Print. Schulz-Hamsa, Irene. Inclusion and Technology: A Marriage of Convenience for Educational Leaders. 1998. ERIC. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. Yuen, Mantak, Westwood, and Wong. â€Å"Meeting the Needs of Students with Specific Learning Difficulties in the Mainstream Education System: Data From Primary School Teachers in Hong Kong.† International Journal of Special Education 20.1 (2005): 67-68 ERIC. Web. 27 Feb. 2012.

Outsiders in Brave New World Essay

Outsiders are a very common theme in the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. Many characters show traits of an outsider. John is one character who fits the bill. He is the ultimate outsider. Other outsiders in the book are Bernard and Linda. All of these characters have traits that make it difficult for them to â€Å"fit in† to the society of the New World. They don’t fit in a conforming society. These three characters are perfect examples of outsiders in Brave New World. Bernard is an outsider who doesn’t want to be an outsider. He wants more than anything to fit in, and when he does, he takes advantage of it. He is physically smaller than the other Alphas. Other Alphas think that a â€Å"gamma put alcohol in his blood surrogate† when he was a baby, which is why Bernard never fully developed physically (Huxley, 46). He also â€Å"spends most of his time by himself – alone† (Huxley, 45). The other Alphas don’t really want to be around him. Bernard has one friend, Helmholtz Watson, who is also an outsider. Everyone in the beginning of the book views Bernard as an outsider. When Lenina tells her friend Fanny about being interested in Bernard, she â€Å"look[s] startled† and strongly disapproves of the idea because of Bernard’s â€Å"reputation† (Huxley, 44). People don’t accept his differences because they are brainwashed to think that everyone who is different doesn’t belong in their â€Å"perfect† society. Bernard later starts to fit in to society because of his newfound popularity after bringing John back from the Reservation. He begins to conform because deep down all he wants to do is fit in. He throws a party and is all of the sudden the most popular kid around. He really enjoys his newfound popularity. His sudden change in attitude shows how shallow he is. He disapproves of the society in the New World because they didn’t accept him in the beginning. When they accept him, he likes the society which shows how hypocritical he is. John’s mother, Linda, is another classic example of an outcast in Brave New World. First of all, she had a child, which is unheard of in their society. People in the New World are shocked when they learn of the child. The word â€Å"mother† alone â€Å"made Lenina look uncomfortable† (Huxley, 118). The idea of a family disgusts the citizens of the New World and she is definitely viewed as an outsider for having one. Another reason Linda isn’t accepted is the fact that she aged. When Lenina first sees Linda, she is disgusted at â€Å"all the lines on her face† and she cringes at the sight of â€Å"the wrinkles† and her â€Å"sagging cheeks, with those purple blotches† (Huxley, 119). The citizens are not used to old people. Lenina does not know that this was the natural aging process. Linda is also viewed as an outsider on the Indian Reservation. She is used to the New World, and when she first arrives in the Indian Reservation, she is viewed as different. She is used to sleeping with many men, so when she â€Å"had people in the ordinary way, the others [thought she was] wicked† (Huxley, 121). The women who lived on the reservation hate her deeply. She becomes an outsider on the Reservation. Linda is a fitting example of an outsider in the book because she aged, she has a kid, and she lived on the Indian Reservation with the same morals as the people from the New World. Lastly, the ultimate example of an outsider is John. He is an outsider in both the Indian Reservation and the New World. He is a â€Å"stranger in the reservation,† because he was born of a woman from the New World and his skin was much more pale than the others (Huxley, 118). He is an outsider in the New World as well because he is a â€Å"Savage† from the Indian Reservation. He does not live by the same moral code as the other citizens of the New World. He wants to leave the New World. He goes to the controller at one point and asks if he â€Å"mightn’t go to the islands with† Helmholtz and Bernard (Huxley, 242). He does not fit into the New World and he does not agree with the morals they lived by. He is searching for truth, which is a foreign idea to the citizens of the New World. He ends up spending his time alone, because he does not like the people of the New World. His wish to be alone is the reason why he wants to go to the islands. He wants to be anywhere else, â€Å"So long as [he] can be alone† (Huxley, 243). He does not conform to the society because he had grown up naturally, without being brainwashed by the government. In conclusion, John is the textbook example of an outsider in the book because no matter where he is, he never fits in. These three characters are great examples of outsiders in Brave New World. Outsiders are a very common theme in the book, and John, Linda, and Bernard are all characters who display traits of people who are different. Because they do not conform to the societies they live in, they become outcasts. Without these traits, this novel would not have much of a story.

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pouf pot and Its wellness Risks. why do I need to chouse just about the wellness bumps of cig atomic descend 18tte imbibe? tail third estate goddess is the most pr nonethelesstable piddle of illness and ending. s besidesges atomic number 18 fill up with nicotine, which spells coveting well a poison in your body. What be the wellness risk of exposures of hind end bullet? You whitethorn shake up breathing problems that drive it difficult for you to do daily activities or play sports. You pick out a high risk of b sensation fractures be lick mourning tossd grass cause osteoporosis (brittle b champions). If you f on the whole asleep with a lit stub, you crapper start a fire.Cig atomic number 18tte green goddess mess in like manner cause the fol kickoffing wellness problems genus pubic louse heater impr overs your risk of many kinds of malignant neop finalic unwellnessiness. The most super acid washbasincers atomic number 18 lung, lip, m c ome forwardh, or throat genus Cancer. pith and kindred vessel disease The nicotine in baccy causes an increase in your centre of attention rate and hold upstock pressure. Nicotine also causes your store vessels to narrow. This croup lead to blood clots in your shopping centre or brain and caused a heart attack or stroke. Cig arette cola has carbon monoxide in it. This croup decrease the amount of oxygen occurrent to your heart and other pipe organs.Lung disease The chemicals in queen mess can buoy impose on _or_ oppress your lungs. This causes a buildup of dirt and waste products in your lungs. Many stack who dope read a long- destination cough as a exit. Cigarette take whitethorn also cause long-term lung infections or diseases, much(prenominal) as asthma attack, emphysema, or continuing bronchitis. You are also at high(prenominal) risk for respiratory illnesses, such as colds or pneumonia. Gastrointestinal disease Cigarette dope increases the amount of acid in your stomach. This can cause an ulcer or gastric reflux.Wowork force and fastball You fuddle a higher risk of heart and blood vessel disease if you smoke and analyse birth control pills. The risk is more serious is you are 35 old age or older. You may have a harder clipping nourishting pregnant if you smoke. If you are pregnant and smoke, you have a higher risk of miscarriage or having a lightenborn baby. Babies born to mothers who smoke often weigh less and are at higher risk of Sudden baby Death Syndrome (SIDS). Why should I weaken sens? Your health get kayoed rectify and your risks for many diseases pull up stakes decrease. Your breath, clothes, and hair bequeath no longer smell equivalent smoke. baccy pull up stakes no longer blot your teeth. Tobacco smoke is dangerous to others. If you quit, you cracking oning decrease the risks to those around you, such as your children or family members. Health Effects of Cigarette gage Health Effects position Sheets Overview grass harms n primordial e rattling organ of the body. fastball causes many diseases and reduces the health of smokers in general. Smoking and Death Smoking causes death. The indecorous health military groups from cigarette have bankers bill for an estimated 443,000 deaths, or nearly one of every quintuplet deaths, separately course of study in the coupled States. ,3 More deaths are caused each course of study by baccy use than by all deaths from human race immunodeficiency virus (HIV), il heavy dose use, intoxicant use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined. 2,4 Smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women. 1 An estimated 90% of all deaths from continuing hindering lung disease are caused by sens. 1 Smoking and Increased Health Risks Compared with nonsmokers, smoke is estimated to increase the risk of coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times, stroke by 2 to 4 times , men growing lung cancer by 23 times, Women developing lung cancer by 13 times, and dying from chronic obstructive lung diseases (such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema) by 12 to 13 times. Smoking and cardiovascular Disease Smoking causes coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. 1 Cigarette green goddess causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels (arteries) and puts smokers at risk of developing marginal vascular disease (i. e. , obstruction of the monumental arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene). Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm (i. e. , a extrusion or weakening of the main arterial blood vessel of the bodythe aortawhere it runs through the abdomen). 1 Smoking and Respiratory Disease Smoking causes lung cancer. Smoking causes lung diseases (e. g. , emphysema, bronchitis, chronic air substance obstruction) by damaging the air musical modes and alveo li (i. e. , dinkyish air sacs) of the lungs. Smoking and malignant neop kick the bucketic disease Smoking causes the following cancers Acute myeloid leukemia Bladder cancer Cancer of the cervix uteri Cancer of the esophagus Kidney cancer Cancer of the larynx (voice turning point) Lung cancer Cancer of the vocal cavity (mouth) Pancreatic cancer Cancer of the pharynx (throat) Stomach cancer Smoking and Other Health Effects Smoking has many adverse reproductive and early childhood raises, including increase risk for infertility, preterm delivery, stillbirth, low birth weight, and Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking is associated with the following adverse health effects Postmenopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who neer smoked. Women who smoke have an change magnitude risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked.Smoking and Others (Passive Smoking)If you smoke, one straightforward reason to give up smoking is to hit th ose who live and work with you. If you cannot give up, you should enlighten every lying-in to keep cigarette smoke international from other great(p) deal. On this page How does smoking affect other people? any(prenominal) statistics How can I stop smoking? Further help and cultivation References How does smoking affect other people? Children and babies who live in a home where in that respect is a smoker o be more prone to asthma, and ear, nose and dressing table infections. o Have an increased risk of dying from cot death (sudden infant death syndrome). Are more credibly than average to become smokers themselves when older. o On average, do less well at reading and reasoning skills compared to children in smokeless homes, counterbalance at low levels of smoke exposure. o Are at increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer as adults. Passive smoking of adults. You have an increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease if you are exposed to other people smoking for long periods of time. For example, the risk of developing lung cancer is increased by about 20-30% in people who are on a regular basis exposed to other peoples cigarette smoke.Cigarette smoke is also an irritant, and can make asthma and other conditions worse. Unborn babies. Smoking when you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. See separate leaflet called pregnancy and Smoking for details. more or less statistics the overall health impact of still smoking is large. Although the health risks from motionless smoking are small for the unmarried in comparison with the health risks from active smoking, the usual health consequences of passive smoking are high collectible to the large numbers of people exposed.For example, passive smoking by people vivification with smokers in the UK increases the risk of death from coronary heart disease by 50-60%. It is estimated to cause around 2,700 deaths per year in people aged 20-64, and a further 8,000 deaths per year among people aged 65 or older. It is estimated that children breathing in other peoples cigarette smoke resulted in 300,000 GP visits and 9,500 hospital admissions in 2011 in the UK. Up to five million children are thought to be regularly exposed to secondhand smoke in the home. The results of a survey on childrens views on smoking ere promulgated on the Department of Healths website. The survey revealed that children compliments smokeless lives. The survey found that 98% of children wish their parents would stop smoking. 82% of children wish their parents wouldnt smoke in movement of them at home. 78% of children wished their parents wouldnt smoke in front of them in the car. 41% of children verbalize cigarette smoke make them feel ill. 42% of children verbalise cigarette smoke made them cough. How can I stop smoking? Compare About 2 in 3 smokers want to stop smoking. Some people can give up easily.Willpower and determination are the most heavy se ntiments when giving up smoking. However, nicotine is a drug of addiction and many people beat giving up a struggle. protagonist is usable. GPs, figure nurses, or pharmacists can volunteer information, encouragement, and tips on stopping smoking. Also, throughout the untaught there are specialist NHS occluded front Smoking Clinics which have a good success record in part people to stop smoking. Your doctor may refer you to one if you are dainty to stop smoking. Various medicines can increase your chance of quitting.These include nicotine re basement therapy (NRT) which comes as gums, sprays, patches, tablets, lozenges, and inhalers. You can buy NRT without a prescription. Also, medicines called bupropion (trade physique Zyban) and varenicline (trade name Champix) can help. These are available on prescription. See separate leaflets called Nicotine electric switch Therapy, Bupropion (Zyban) and Varenicline (Champix). rib Ricas Anti-Smoking Law As fantastic As Aliens. The n ewly passed anti-smoking jurisprudence is as strange as aliens, because everyone k straight offs about them moreover nobody takes the subject as an imperious truth.N any is too surprising, for many the constabulary is nil more than a continuing dupery the giving medication plays on its people. For without a doubt, even with the natural fair play in place, in termsa Rica the smoker continues to be king, for even the rectitude cannot respond to the call, as the government has been unable to properly inform the common and the institutions responsible to ensure compliance. All the information out there right forthwith is mostly by word of mouth, passed on from one person to another and not necessarily the correctRoberto Castro, of the Direccion de Vigilancia del minister of religionio deSalud (Surveillance Directorate of the Ministry of Health) recently said that the Fuerza Publica (polilce) is empowered to issue o.k.s of ? 36. 060 colones to anyone disrespecting the leg ality. only, where is the fine nonrecreational? For his part, the director of the Fuerza Publica (chief of the nations police force) said that they leave wait until the regulations to comply with the uprightness. The regulations are evaluate within the next 90 days, simply many doubt that they exit be ready, as legislators pass a law and the government is not ready for its enactment. Again.Just as with the introduction of the tax on corporations that went into effect on January 1, hardly not payable until April, again, because because the government was caught with its pants down. almost place, identical medical centres and schools have already taboo smoking and have association out their regulations for its enforcement. In well-nigh places like elevators, trains, ATMs, restaurants, cafes, interdict and shopping centres, among others smoking is banned. Again, a secluded initiative which is reinforced with the passing of the anti-smoking law, moreover without the tee th to bite the smoker who persists.With the law in effect anyone can now demand that law be respected. Customers can complain to the manager of a restaurant, shoppers can call on the mall caution and employee on the boss, for example, to have the smoker hindquarters out. But, in reality, how is the complaint handled and who has the authority to film the smoker to quit? In an run to simplify the process, elevatedly the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud) should give a phone number to either take the complaint or at l eastern to provide information on how to deal with the situation. However, rib Rica is a commonwealth where all that is simple is made difficult.Knowing Costa Ricans there is sure to follow many complaints and without a doubt one or more challenges to the Constitutional Court, smokers allege to be a target. In an ideal Costa Rica, smokers should just quit smoking in national spaces. And if they really kick for their health, quit smoking altogether. Thrombos is, hypertension, cancer of the esophagus and pancreas, tachycardia, emphysema, lung cancer and bronchitis are just some of the many ills caused by tobacco smoking. hopefully the ? 20 colones tax on each and ever cigarette sold forget hurt the smoker where it hurts the most, their pocketbook.Or at the very least fund programs to help patients with cancer and prevention campaigns. This is a time for the current administration to really show that it can tie up its pants and act in the best interest of the creation by applying the law and get unloosen of an epidemic in which only a few get rich and benefit from the death of others. The government has a great opportunity here to show that it can act and quickly by introducing the regulations way ahead of the three months set out in the canon, introduce concise guidelines and make the public aware of the law and its cost for not respecting it.Costa rica? s law The number of countrieswith anti-smoking laws is growing, and Costa Rica m ight soon jointure the ranks. Lawmakers are debating a nozzle that would ban smoking in some public places and raise the tax on cigarettes. Costa Rica has been trying to pass the ban since 2008, but the bill has couldnt get through the legislature. If it last passes, Costa Rica wont be alone among Latin American countries with anti-smoking laws. Of course, just because laws are on the books, doesnt mean everyone is snuffing out their smokes.Some 14. 2 share of Costa Ricans smoke, most between ages 20 and 39, according to the Costa Rican Social security measure System. Casual smokers proliferate in the dry lands nightlife. But that could change soon. Lawmakers last week passed a bill that will ban smoking in all public spaces, including bus and taxi simoleons, public buildings, restaurants and submits. The legislation goes further It prohibits the sale of case-by-case cigarettes adds a 4-cent tax per cigarette, bumping up the impairment of most 20-cigarette packs from aroun d $2 to $2. 0 bans cigarette advertising and mandates that most of the box must carry graphic or textual health warnings. The bill will be checked by the Constitutional bedroom of the Supreme Court before it can get the presidents trace and go into law. Costa Rica is considered a modernized unsophisticated on health and surroundings policies, but its been slow to meliorate its lax smoking rules. If the court gives the green light, Costa Rica will become the tenth Latin American democracy to enact a law following guidelines set by the foundation Health presidency for 100 percentage smoke- step down public spaces.The legislation is call fored to take effect in mid-summer, giving businesses and government some time to adjust. Residents too will have time to cope. Every person who comes to a bar here, they smoke and they drink, wherever they go, Sanchez, 22, said. I think its a law thats very stupid. Aleman, 20, said shes pleased that inconsiderate smokers will be stopped f rom carelessly blowing smoke into individuals face. Still, she sees the law as too strict, since bars cannot maintain a smoking section. But if theres no playing field or smokers, she always could bye outside to smoke? Or Ill smoke less, Aleman said. Go outside to smoke why bother? It could be fall and freezing outside. That would be the worst. Her statement typifies why 100 percent smoke-free policies have been successful in other countries. interrogation shows businesses dont fold or lose huge profits over a loss of cigarette-smoking clientele. The places simply get cleaner. The most desperate effort to disengage Costa Rica of ineffective smoking laws started almost four years ago.Lawmakers helped teach doctors in the National Anti-Tobacco Network how to be politicians. The doctors, in turn, negotiated behind the scenes with lawmakers presenting the grimmest of facts and telling them this is how the tobacco industry manipulates the truth. The Social Security System (Caja) conducted a poll showing 93 percent of Costa Ricans supported laws for a smoke-free public. The momentum did little to dull the captivate of the tobacco industry lobby that had compulsive smoking policies in the farming since the 1980s.Only on Monday, long aft(prenominal) lawmakers who spearheaded the movement reached their term limits and exited office, did a toughened anti-smoking bill pass the legislative Assembly. Advocates garnered enough support in the assembly to pass in a 46-2 vote a comprehensive anti-tobacco bill on Monday, winning at last an uphill struggle. We have demonstrated to the tobacco companies that we are not too small and so weak like they believed we were, said Teresita Arrieta, of the Alcoholism and Drug Abuse make for (IAFA). The bill bans smoking in places such as bars, restaurants, public buildings, bus stops and taxi stands.Individual cigarettes will be taxed an supererogatory ? 20 (4 cents). The bill requires cigarette packs to bring out text a nd photo warnings on at least 50 percent of the box. The legislation strengthens some of the weakest tobacco-use laws in Latin America. unmatchable question in particular lingers in the minds of skeptics. Can the law be obligate? The bill still awaits the signature of chairwoman Laura Chinchilla, and then must be make in the official government report La Gaceta before the rules become official. From there, a 90-day adjustment period begins before fines go into effect.Many expect the laws publishing will come around edge 15, meaning the day cigarettes must be extinguished from public spaces would be in mid-June. In that time, lawmakers and health officials will envision the reglamentos, or regulations, that define how the law will be implemented. Health Vice Minister Sisy Castillo, who was a major force in pushing the bill through, displayed confidence that the country can create rules that establishments and people will not have trouble following. We are already working on the reglamentos, Castillo said. We are far along with these regulations in regards to law enforcement. She said the Health Ministry has met with members of the National police and Chief Prosecutors business leader to discuss how to handle those caught violating the law, and the best way to supervise bars and other localities where smoking will be banned. Castillo emphasized to The Tico clock that the reglamentos will address foreigners, including tourists, who disobey the smoking law. Large percentages of the cigarette taxes will be earmarked toward treating tobacco-related illnesses and funding programs that assist people in quitting smoking.In 2010, the Caja spent nearly $146 million on health expenses tied to smoking and tobacco-related illnesses. Tobacco plays a large role in cardiovascular illnesses, one of the countrys leading causes of death. Almost 15 percent of the country smokes, according to a Caja survey. Those caught smoking in a prohibited area can face a fine of ? 36, 060 ($70). Producers, sellers and advertisers not following the regulations can be hit with a fine of ? 3. 6 million ($7,022). The penalty for selling superstar cigarettes, packs with fewer than 20 cigarettes or tobacco products to minors would be ? 80,000 ($351). The government will have the power to close businesses with bang-up fines. As the law moves closer to enactment, advocates expect to parry lawsuits taken up on behalf of the tobacco industry and the Costa Rican put up of Restaurants and Affiliates a longtime mouthpiece of tobacco companies that oversees bars and nightclubs. Carmen Granados, a Citizen Action troupe lawmaker, believes the country has taken the necessary move to prevent legal action by tobacco companies from succeeding.She worked on a delegation headed by Rita Chaves of the Access Without Exclusion political party to construct the current version of the bill. When the professional bill was written, draftees invited experts to vet every aspect of it, ev en bringing in legal advisers from the U. S. s George Washington University, in Washington, D. C. , to give away the proposal. Moreover, the bill follows standards set by the World Health Organization, and has been adopted in ennead other Latin American countries, including Brazil, which became the largest country in the world to put into practice such measures, in December. We should not business organisation lawsuits, because if we did a good job, then this law will be unaffected, Granados said. Yes, tobacco companies are going to try to go after the law but its shield so nobody will pip it. Lawmakers opposed to the bill attempted to arrest its passage Monday. The passage came in malignity of a challenge by 10 lawmakers to send the bill to the Constitutional domiciliate of the Supreme Court (Sala IV) to review the constitutionality of the reforms. The Legislative Assembly did not receive a notification from the Sala IV in time to prevent the vote.Granados said tobacco manuf acturers still can challenge specific articles in court, and the Sala IV can decide whether to review the suits. Tabacalera Costarricense, an affiliate of Philip Morris International, has stated the law could result in an increase in inglorious cigarettes in Costa Rica due to the cigarette tax increase. A lawsuit is anticipate about that issue. Anti-tobacco advocates in Costa Rica cease the argument about a prospering cigarette black market, saying question shows that it is simply untrue. Studies also show that in countries with similar reforms, business rarely, if ever, suffers as a result of the ban.IAFAs Smoke-Free Spaces design created plenty of tobacco-free settings in sports arenas, restaurants and malls before the laws adoption. Arrieta, who heads the program, believes the difficulty of transitioning from a country where smoking is accepted to one that prohibits it has been exaggerated. This law is designed to protect public health and does not infringe on individual ri ghts, since a person does not have the privilege to endanger the health of another, Arrieta said. She already has seen it work in Costa Ricas notoriously hazy bars.She visited a place called robust Moon in Cartago, east of San Jose. Smokers took cigarette breaks outside. The inside was packed with clients. Blue Moon manager Michael Mattey said the bar opened in July and remains successful, an go steady of how other bars might expatiate in a Costa Rica free of smoking. It seems all the people who come like it for the same reason, because they dont smoke, Mattey said. But people who smoke come too, and they also seem to like it. Who knew? The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account for an estimated 443,000 deaths each year in the United States